| abstract |
The invention features intranasal immunization methods for inducing immune responses in distal mucosal sites, e.g., the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. The methods of the invention may be used to induce protective and/or therapeutic immune responses against pathogens (e.g., bacteria of the genus Clostridium, e.g., C. difficile) which infect these distal sites. Also included in the invention are vaccination methods in which combinations of mucosal (e.g., oral or intranasal) and parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous or intraperitoneal) routes of administration are used. |