| abstract |
Horses can be immunized by the intranasal administration of antigenic material which provokes the proliferation of antibodies which reduce or neutralize the virulence of invasive microorganisms. These antigenic materials may be inactivated whole organisms, extracts from such organisms, or recombinant DNA or synthetic peptide antigens. This antigenic material can be combined with adjuvants and transdermal carriers or it can just be carried in sterile water. The intranasal vaccination may be part of a total regimen that includes other routes of administration such as intramuscular injection. |