| abstract |
The invention provides compounds of formula I: n nwherein a, b, c, d, f, W, Q, Y, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders. |