| abstract |
Provided is a lithium secondary battery, comprising a cathode, an anode, and a porous separator or electrolyte, wherein the anode comprises: (a) an anode active layer containing a layer of lithium or lithium alloy, in a form of a foil, coating, or multiple particles aggregated together, as an anode active material; (b) a first anode-protecting layer having a thickness from 1 nm to 100 μm (preferably <1 μm and more preferably <100 nm) and comprising a lithium ion-conducting material having a lithium ion conductivity from 10−8 S/cm to 5×10−2 S/cm; and (c) a second anode-protecting layer having a thickness from 1 nm to 100 μm and comprising an elastomer having a fully recoverable tensile elastic strain from 2% to 1,000% and a lithium ion conductivity from 10−8 S/cm to 5×10−2 S/cm. |