| abstract |
The present invention provides for a method and apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide by exposing the carbon dioxide to a metal-free catalyst, thus converting the carbon dioxide to a reduced product. In some embodiments, the metal-free catalyst includes, without limitation, various nanomaterials, quantum dots, oxides, oxides, and combinations thereof. The metal-free catalyst may further be supported on a substrate to form a complex. The metal-free catalyst may further selectively reduce carbon dioxide without mediating hydrogen evolution reactions. |