| abstract |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a charging member capable of stable charging and image output for a long period of time even when used in a DC contact charging method because toner and an external additive used for the toner are not easily fixed to the surface even after repeated use for a long period of time. And a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member. A surface layer of a charging member contains polysiloxane having a fluorinated alkyl group and an oxyalkylene group. [Selection figure] None |