| abstract |
A redox flow battery system or method of operation may include one or more of charge capacity management in a string, gas management, single capacity balancing, system energy density, a pump tub assembly, and a siphon break. In one embodiment, a redox flow battery (RFB) controllable by a battery management system and having an energy output has a volume of at least 2000 liters and an energy density of at least 10 w- h/liter. In one embodiment, the RFB maintains at an energy density of at least 10 w- h/liter for a minimum of 50 continuous full charge/discharge cycles or the equivalent number of operating hours without user input. |