| abstract |
Electrodes include a coating that provides a barrier to fluids and ions within a biological environment. The coating increases the overpotential of the electrode. The coating permits the introduction and use of the electrodes into biological environments without the detrimental complications of electro-chemical reactions typically present with the use of metal and metal-alloy electrodes in such environments. The electrodes comprise: an electrically conductive substrate layer (101, 201, 301, 401, 612) an electrical conductor (103, 203, 303, 403) coupled to the conductive substrate layer, a coating layer (102, 202, 302, 402, 616) surrounding at least a portion of the substrate layer, wherein the coating layer provides an increased overpotential for the electrode in a fluid. Also disclosed are medical devices comprising such electrodes. |