| abstract |
An electro-conductive member for electrophotography, including an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer; and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the same. The layer contains a binder resin having a sulfo or a quaternary ammonium group as an ion exchange group, and an ion opposite in polarity to the ion exchange group. The resin has any one of structures represented by formulas (1)-1 and (1)-2, and any one of structures represented by formulas (2)-1 to (2)-3; and the resin has a molecular structure preventing occurrence of a matrix-domain structure. M represents an integer of 2-20, n represents an integer of 5-50, p represents an integer of 1-25, q represents an integer of 1-15, and r represents an integer of 1-12.n n—(CF 2 ) m — Formula (1)-1n n—(CF 2 —CF 2 —O) n — Formula (1)-2n n—(CH 2 —CH 2 —O) p — Formula (2)-1n n—(CH 2 —CHCH 3 —O) q — Formula (2)-2n n—(CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —O) r — Formula (2)-3 |