| abstract |
A cooling system comprising a plurality of coolant channels comprising a fluid-impervious surface comprising a base surface, at least one distinct region of the base surface covered by a mixed monolayer, the mixed monolayer comprising a species having a functional group M 1 and a species having a functional group M 2 where M 1 and M 2 have different surface energies, the mixed monolayer forming a surface energy gradient within the region and wherein any portions of the surface that border the at least one distinct region have substantially equal surface energies. |