| abstract |
In an image-forming apparatus having at least i) an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photoconductive layer and a surface layer on a conductive substrate, ii) a developing means having a toner, and iii) a charging means, the photoconductive layer comprises a non-single-crystal material composed chiefly of silicon, the surface layer comprises a non-single-crystal carbon film containing at least hydrogen and has a dynamic hardness in the range of from 4.90x109 to 1.76x1010 Pa (500 to 1,800 kgf/mm2), the charging means has a charging member kept in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, forming a contact zone therewith, charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member electrostatically upon application of a voltage, and the toner is a magnetic toner having toner particles containing at least a binder resin and a magnetic material, and an inorganic fine powder, having an average circularity of from 0.950 to 1.000, and having a saturation magnetization of from 10 to 50 Am2/kg (emu/g) under application of a magnetic field of 79.6 kA/m (1,000 oersteds). Also disclosed is an image-forming method. |