| abstract |
Polyether polyamino methylene phosphonates, when used in combination with hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPA) or amino tris methylene phosphonate (AMP), and added to various industrial water systems in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 50 mg/L, control silica/silicate deposition. In particular, this stabilization can be achieved under severe conditions which include elevated pH, high dissolved solids content, and high saturation levels of calcium carbonate. |