| abstract |
The electroplating of various metals such as zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel cobalt, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, ruthenium and alloys of such metals takes place from electrolytes comprising heterocyclic additives such as lactones, lactams, cyclic sulfate esters, cyclic imides and cyclic oxazolinones. Specific examples of such additives are phenolphthalein, phthalide, phenolsulfone-phthalein, naphtholphthalein, 2-benzoxazdinone and phthalimide. These additives may be used in conjunction with various polyethers to permit high plating rates, constant plating thicknesses over wide areas and smooth coatings. |