| abstract |
A developing apparatus comprising a toner and a toner bearing member for bearing the toner, wherein the volume resistivity of the toner is from 1.0×1010 Ω·cm to 1.0×1014 Ω·cm, a toner bearing member exhibits multiple elementary processes, the volume resistance value Rdr per unit area of the toner bearing member is from 5.0×105 Ω/cm2 to 2.0×108 Ω/cm2, the capacitance Cdr per unit area of the toner bearing member is from 300 pF/cm2 to 900 pF/cm2, and the capacitance per unit area and volume resistance value of the toner as converted by a parallel plate capacitor model at a thickness of 1.5 times the weight-average particle diameter of the toner are in specific relationships. |