| abstract |
The present invention provides methods for stimulating an immune response to an antigen comprising administering to an individual, an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or adjuvant is generated by passing a cell suspension containing an input anucleate cell through a constriction, wherein the constriction deforms the input anucleate cell thereby causing a perturbation of the cell to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle such that an antigen and/or an adjuvant enters the anucleate cell-derived vesicle. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or adjuvant is delivered to an individual and the antigen is delivered to and processed in an immunogenic environment to treat a disease, prevent a disease, and/or vaccinate an individual against an antigen. |