| abstract |
Perovskites have high density of vacancies which absorb oxygen molecules and upon illumination, transform them into superoxide species which react with perovskites to decompose them, preventing use of these materials in many photo-applications. The present disclosure provides ways for improving the stability of perovskites in air ambient by doping perovskites with metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and tin which decreases the density of vacancies in perovskites and significantly increases the lifetime of perovskites. Perovskite solar cells containing inorganic and organic ions such as Cs+, formamidinium and methylammonium cations, Pb2+, Br— and I— with these metal dopants exhibit stable efficiency within a month of storage in air ambient with the relative humidity of 50%. |