| abstract |
Embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for electroplating metal into recessed features using a superconformal fill mechanism that provides relatively faster plating within a feature and relatively slower plating in the field region. Moreover, within the feature, plating occurs faster toward the bottom of the feature compared to the top of the feature. The result is that the feature is filled with metal from the bottom upwards, resulting in a high quality fill without the formation of seams or voids, defects that are likely where a conformal fill mechanism is used. The superconformal fill mechanism relies on the presence of a sacrificial oxidant molecule that is used to develop a differential current efficiency within the feature compared to the field region. Various plating conditions are balanced against one another to ensure that the feature fills from the bottom upwards. No organic plating additives are necessary, though plating additives can be used to improve the process. |