| abstract |
Provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods of monitoring the direction of blood flow that include processing with a computer photoplethysmography (PPG) signal streams from a sensor array on a body site of the individual to determine the direction and/or velocity of the blood flow at the body site of the individual. In some embodiments, direction of the blood flow at the body site is determined by the phase difference between at least three PPG signal streams from the sensor array, wherein the at least three PPG signal streams are generated from emissions of the at least three emitters. |