| abstract |
A process for removing polyvalent metal ions from a fluid includes disposing a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent in an environment; contacting, with the precipitation composition, a fluid comprising a produced water, a flowback water, or a combination thereof, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fluid; forming a plurality of precipitate particles comprising the polyvalent metal cations from the fluid and a polyvalent anion from the precipitating agent; contacting the precipitant particles with a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, to form an aggregate comprising the precipitate particles; and separating the aggregate from the fluid to remove the polyvalent metal ions from the fluid. A composition includes a fluid comprising produced water, flowback water, or a combination thereof, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fracturing fluid; a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent; and a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. |