| abstract |
Described herein is an oligomer according to formula I: (I) wherein Y is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of: sulfates, carboxylates, phosphate, phosphonate, and sulfonate, wherein each X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are independently selected from F, Cl, H, and CF 3 ; R is a linking group; each Z 1 and Z 2 is independently selected from F and CF 3 ; m is at least 2; and R 1 and R 2 are end groups, wherein the oligomer comprises substantially no pendant functional groups, except those selected from the group consisting of: sulfates, carboxylates, phosphate, phosphonate, and sulfonate. |