| abstract |
Provided are a member for electrophotography whose charge-providing performance for toner is stable even under a high-humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each using the member for electrophotography. Specifically, provided are a member for electrophotography including a mandrel, an elastic layer, and a protective layer, in which the protective layer is a zinc oxide film containing both formula 1 —Zn—O—R (in the formula 1, R represents an alkyl group) and formula 2 —O—Zn—O—, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each using the member for electrophotography. |