| abstract |
A developing roller including: an electrically-conductive base; an elastic layer formed on an outer circumference of the electrically-conductive base; and a toner bearing layer formed on the elastic layer, wherein the toner bearing layer contains a polyurethane resin having an isocyanurate structure, and wherein the polyurethane resin has a ratio A/B of 1.0 to 10.0 where A denotes absorbance attributed to C═O of cyanurate and B denotes absorbance attributed to C═O of urethane in an infrared absorption spectrum of the polyurethane resin obtained by an ATR method. |