| abstract |
An electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in this order, a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer. The thickness d (μm) of the protective layer, the universal hardness Hu-1 (N/mm 2 ) of the protective layer, and the universal hardness Hu-2 (N/mm 2 ) of the photosensitive layer after peeling off the protective layer satisfy the following expression (1): n 5.8× d+Hu -2≦ Hu -1≦−2.45× d 2 +44.4× d+Hu -2 (1). n Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have the above electrophotographic photosensitive member. |