| abstract |
There is provided a piezoelectric element which includes a first electrode which is formed on a substrate, a piezoelectric layer which is formed on the first electrode, and is formed from a compound oxide having an ABO 3 type perovskite structure in which potassium (K), sodium (Na), niobium (Nb), and manganese (Mn) are provided, and a second electrode which is formed on the piezoelectric layer. The manganese includes bivalent manganese (Mn 2+ ), trivalent manganese (Mn 3+ ), and tetravalent manganese (Mn 4+ ). A molar ratio (Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ +Mn 4+ ) of the bivalent manganese to a sum of the trivalent manganese and the tetravalent manganese is equal to or greater than 0.31. |