| abstract |
A multi-layered composition for use in photovoltaic devices, the composition being disposed on a supporting substrate having different plate membrane on the surface thereof, the membrane comprising: (i) a number of complexes having the following formula: -L-[(Y1O3-Z-Y2O3)MeY]k.k*p(Xq-) in which: L is a bond linking device selected from: -Z-Y3O3Me3, -O-R1Z-Y3O3Me3, -alkyl-NH4-Y3O3Me3, -O-alkyl-Y3O3Me3, -alkyl-O-Y3O3Me3, -S(CH2)n-Y3O3Me3, -S(CH2)n-Si(Oalkyl)3, or PVP polymer having Y3O3Me3-terminated branch, in which Z is defined below, Y3 is arsenic or phosphonium, Me3 is a divalent, trivalent or tetravalent metal of the III, IVA, IVB group with an atomic number from 21 to 82, or a lanthanide, n is from 1 to 16, and alkyl is a linear or branched alkyl containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms; each Y1 and Y2 independently is phosphonium or arsenic; Z is a divalent group capable of reversibly forming a stable reduced form and stable oxidized form and containing two conjugated cationic center while having a negative E°red value; X is chlorine, bromine, iodine, pseudo-halide, sulfate, sulfonate, nitrate, carbonate or carboxylate; MeY is MeInWm, in which Me1 is a divalent, trivalent or tetravalent metal of the III, IVA, IVB group with an atomic number from 21 to 82, or a lanthanide; W is a halide, pseudo-halide or -OH; n is 1, 2 or 3; m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; k is a value from 1 to about 250; p is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and q is a charge on X, in which, for each consecutive k layer, each Y1, Y2, Z and MeI can be different; in which the complexes are bonded to the substrate through the bond linking device. |