| abstract |
A liquid lens includes a first window, a second window, and a cavity disposed between the first window and the second window; a first and a second liquid disposed in the cavity, the The first and second liquids are substantially immiscible with each other and have different refractive indices such that an interface between the first and second liquids defines a variable lens, and at least a portion of the first liquid is disposed in the cavity. In a first portion, the second liquid is disposed in a second portion of the cavity; a common electrode in electrical communication with the first liquid; and a drive electrode disposed on a side wall of the cavity and borrowed The first liquid and the second liquid are insulated by an insulating element, wherein the insulating element includes an insulating outer layer in contact with the liquids, and the insulating outer layer includes a lanthanide oxide. |