abstract |
The use of biomarkers in urine and serum to diagnose diabetic nephropathy, staging of diabetic nephropathy, monitoring the progress of diabetic nephropathy, and evaluating the efficacy of diabetic nephropathy treatments is described. These biomarkers include alpha-2-HS-- urine precursor glycoprotein, urine alpha-1 antitrypsin, urine alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, urine osteopontin, serum osteopontin, its fragments, and combinations thereof. |