| abstract |
An apparatus is provided. In one embodiment, the device comprises a substrate having a surface and a plurality of nanostructures each having a first end and a second end, wherein a first end of each of the plurality of nanostructures is attached to the surface. In this embodiment, at least some of the second ends of the plurality of nanostructures are bent toward each other to form two or more similarly constructed clumps, each clump comprising two or more nanostructures. |