| abstract |
(57) [Summary] [Purpose] The resistance value in the semi-conductive region does not fluctuate due to endurance; it is highly stable and reliable; when applied to an image forming apparatus, image deterioration due to endurance does not occur. Provides a charging member that does not cause image defects due to contamination with plasticizers, low molecular weight liquid rubber, surfactants, etc. [Structure] A semiconductive elastic layer and a porous layer are provided in this order on a conductive base material, and a charging member having an opening in which the porous layer communicates with the semiconductive elastic layer is produced. |