| abstract |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a CRISPR enzyme that achieves an improvement, for example, a reduction in the off-target effect of a CRISPR-Cas or CRISPR enzyme or CRISPR-Cas9 system. Providing one or more mutations or one or more modifications of a Cas enzyme such as Cas9, or a mutated or modified Cas or CRISPR enzyme or a complex containing or comprising Cas9 . Further, methods for making and using and use of mutated or modified Cas or CRISPR enzymes or Cas9 and systems or complexes containing them, and the provision of products from such methods and uses. [Selection figure] None |