abstract |
A liquid ejecting head, a liquid ejecting apparatus, and a piezoelectric element having a small environmental load and high displacement characteristics are provided. A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode. The piezoelectric layer has a perovskite structure including bismuth, barium, iron, and titanium. It was made of a complex oxide, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement standardized the peak C—C, C—H state binding energy due to C 1s as 284.8 eV, and was obtained in the range of binding energy of 775 eV to 785 eV. When the peaks are separated using a Gaussian function, they have a peak at 780.5 ± 0.8 eV, and have one or more peaks at a lower binding energy side than the peak. [Selection figure] None |