| abstract |
A method and apparatus for forming a reliable and cost-effective battery or electrochemical capacitor electrode structure with improved service life, reduced production costs, and enhanced process performance is presented. In one embodiment, a method is provided for forming a three-dimensional porous electrode for a battery or electrochemical cell. The method includes depositing a columnar metal layer on a substrate at a first current density by a diffusion-controlled deposition process and a three-dimensional metal on the columnar metal layer at a second current density greater than the first current density. Depositing a porous dendritic structure. |