| abstract |
Provided are a high-quality developing roller having moderate conductivity, small deterioration of energization, and reduced adverse effects caused by bleeding of additive components, and a method for producing the same. Also, a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus using the developing roller are provided. In a developing roller having a shaft core and one or more elastic layers disposed on the outer periphery thereof, at least one of the elastic layers contains components (a) to (c). In a developing roller having a shaft core, one or more elastic layers disposed on the outer periphery thereof, and a surface layer disposed on the outer periphery of the elastic layer, the surface layer contains components (a) to (d) To do. Selected from (a) carbon black, (b) an imidazolium cation having a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon group having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, PF 6 − , BF 4 − , and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N − A salt with an anion, (c) a porous polyamide particle having an average pore diameter of 60 nm or more and 480 nm or less, and (d) a binder resin. [Selection] Figure 1 |