| abstract |
To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which mechanical wear (for example, cracks and dents) due to repeated use is suppressed while uneven wear on a surface layer is suppressed, and initial surface characteristics are maintained. To provide a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus in which image defects are suppressed, using the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An organic photosensitive layer and a surface layer are laminated in this order on a conductive substrate, The surface layer is a layer containing at least gallium (Ga) and oxygen (O) as constituent elements, has a thickness of 0.2 μm to 1.5 μm, and has a micro hardness of 2 GPa to 15 GPa. Electrophotographic photoreceptor. It is. [Selection figure] None |