| abstract |
Methods, formulations, and drug delivery systems are provided for increasing the flux of hydrophilic drugs administered transdermally using basic penetration enhancing compositions. The accelerating composition includes an inorganic hydroxide and a weak nitrogen-containing base, wherein the base is a 0.1 M aqueous solution of a nitrogen-containing base, which is about 1.0 to about 1.0 from the pH of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of inorganic hydroxide. Selected to have a pH of about 6.5 lower. Further, the molar ratio of nitrogen-containing base: inorganic hydroxide in the accelerating composition is about 0.5 n: 1 to about 20 n: 1 (where n is the number of hydroxide ions per molecule of inorganic hydroxide). Number). |