| abstract |
A stable water-in-oil emulsion suitable for use as a lubricant and hydraulic fluid comprises 1-80 parts by weight of water and 20-99 parts of oil, and 0.2-10 parts per 100 parts of emulsion of a substantially saturated (i.e. no more than 5% unsaturated bonds) hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid derivative having at least 50 aliphatic carbon atoms in the substituent, said derivative being (I) an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt, (II) an ester of a hydroxy-alkyl amine, (III) an ester of a partially acylated polyhydroxy alcohol, or (IV) an amide, imide, aminidine or salt, of ammonia, a hydroxyalkylamine or an alkylene amine, such derivatives being extensively exemplified. The oil may be a mineral oil, or a mixture of different oils such as mineral oil, vegetable oil, animal oil, silicon-containing oils, polyolefin oils, and polyester oils. Many other additives may optionally be present, these being described under the following categories: (a) emulsion stabilizers, e.g. phosphatides such as soyabean lecithin, mono-aryl and alkyl ethers of aliphatic glycols and polyglycols, fatty acid esters of such ethers, and Na, K and NH4 mahogany and synthetic sulphonates; (b) extreme pressure agents, e.g. Pb, Ni or Group II metal phosphorodithioates, chlorinated waxes, sulphurized or phosphosulphurized fatty acid esters such as sperm oil, di- and tri-hydrocarbon phosphites and phosphates, di-hydrocarbon polysulphides, and Zn, Pb, Sr, Ni, Cd and Pd dithiocarbamates; (c) rust-inhibiting agents, e.g. salts of aromatic acids with aliphatic amines (the acids including p-amino and o-chloro benzoic acids), free aliphatic amines including tertiary-alkyl primary amines and hydroxy alkyl amines, and nitrous acid salts of long-chain aliphatic amines; (d) supplemental emulsifiers, e.g. Na, NH4, Ba and Ca mahogany and synthetic sulphonates including basic sulphonates, potassium stearate, and calcium oleate; (e) foam-inhibitors, e.g. di-alkyl siloxane polymers and alkyl methacrylate polymers; (f) freezing-point depressants, e.g. polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, and "Cellosolves" (Trade Mark); (g) bactericides, e.g. nitro - bromo - alkanes, nitro - hydroxyalkanes, andboric acid esters; and (h) oxidation inhibitors e.g. hindered phenols. Additived (a)-(h) are also extensively exemplieied. In the examples, which include emulsion concentrates, other additives used which do not fall into any of the above categories are N-tertnonyl acrylamide, N-methyl-N-carboxymethyl oleamide, tetrapropylene succinic acid, the adduct of zinc diamyl dithiophosphinate with a mixed C11- 14 tert. alkyl primary amine, and free NaOH and Ca(OH)2.ALSO:In preparative examples, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride is reacted with each of the following: (i) diethanolamine, (ii) triethanolamine, (iii) tetraethylene pentamine, (iv) ammonia, (v) ammonia, followed by five equivalents of ethylene oxide, (vi) sorbitan monooleate, (vii) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and (viii) chlorosulphonic acid (HCl being evolved), followed by NaOH; and polyisobutylene succinic acid is also reacted with ammonia. |