| abstract |
A combined effect pigment comprising: a laminated substrate; an outer layer disposed on the laminated substrate, wherein the outer layer is an optical layer; and carbon black, where the carbon black is disposed on the substrate and is trapped by the outer layer, and where the carbon black is present as an oxide or hydroxide precipitate hydrated with a polyvalent cation selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Ti, Zn, Mg, Zr, Fe, Ce, and Sn. |