| abstract |
Embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure include apparatuses, devices, and methods. An example method is directed to detecting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a biological sample of a subject. The method includes causing a physical interaction between the biological sample and an antibody by exposing the biological sample to the antibody and determining a presence of CSCs in the biological sample by detecting binding between the antibody and a glycan biomarker. The glycan biomarker includes at least one chain selected from the group consisting of polylactosamine chains, oligosaccharide chains, and combinations thereof, the at least one chain having branches selected from the group consisting οf IΙβ (Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6), IIβ/Iβ (Gal β1,3GlcNAc β1,6), IIβ/Ιβ (Gal β1 4/3GlcNAc β1,6) -moieties, and combinations thereof. |