| abstract |
A direct current electro-osmotic pump comprising: na porous, platinum-free cathode; na porous, platinum-free anode; and na porous ceramic membrane between the cathode and the anode, nwherein at least a part of the surface of the membrane is in physical contact with the anode, and at least a part of the opposite side of the membrane is in physical contact with the cathode, and nwherein the pump is configured to operate at a potential difference (V) between the anode and the cathode of V¦3 volts without producing bubbles visible to the naked eye. |