| abstract |
A transcutaneous immunization system delivers antigen to immune cells without perforation of the skin, and induces an immune response in an animal or human. The system uses an adjuvant, preferably an ADP-ribosylating exotoxin, to induce an antigen-specific immune response (e.g. humoral and/or cellular effectors) after transcutaneous application of a formulation containing antigen and adjuvant to intact skin of the animal or human. The efficiency of immunization may be enhanced by adding hydrating agents (e.g. liposomes), penetration enhancers, or occlusive dressings to the transcutaneous delivery system. This system may allow activation of Langerhans cells in the skin, migration of the Langerhans cells to lymph nodes, and antigen presentation. <IMAGE> |