| abstract |
A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium-ion battery (LIB) having first and second electrodes and a supercapacitor having third and fourth electrodes. A first reference electrode is disposed between the first and second electrodes and configured to measure a first potential at a location between the first and second electrodes. A second reference electrode is disposed between the third and fourth electrodes and configured to measure a second potential at a location between the third and fourth electrodes. The first electrode may be connected to the third electrode, and the second electrode may be connected to the fourth electrode. The first and second reference electrodes must not be connected to any of the first, second, third or fourth electrodes. |