| abstract |
The nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having a diameter of 1-1000 nanometers, and a plurality of halogen atoms connected to the convex sides of the carbon layers. The composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nanoonions. A method of making an additive for a liquid fuel includes using a plasma to form a carbon-based material in an environment comprising at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complexes, and /or element-organic compounds; evaporating organic substances from carbon-based materials; halogenating carbon-based materials; and extracting carbon nanoonions from halogenated carbon-based materials. |