| abstract |
Disclosed and claimed herein are one or more mutations or one or more modifications of a CRISPR enzyme, eg, a Cas enzyme such as Cas9, that contain or include such a mutated or modified Cas or CRISPR enzyme or Cas9 Improvements in off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas or CRISPR enzymes or CRISPR-Cas9 systems or complexes, eg, reduction of off-target effects. Also disclosed and claimed are methods for making and using such mutated or modified Cas or CRISPR enzymes or Cas9 and systems or complexes containing these mutations or modifications and such mutated or modified Uses of Cas or CRISPR enzymes or Cas9 and systems or complexes and products from such methods and uses. |