| abstract |
A metalworking fluid comprising a pH buffer system comprising one or more organic acids and one or more organic amines. The organic acid includes aromatic carboxylic acid and C10 or higher aliphatic carboxylic acid, the organic acid can replace boric acid, so that the metalworking fluid can be free of boric acid. The organic acid may include at least one of phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The one or more organic amines include aliphatic and aromatic amines having an amine value of at least 50 mg KOH/g. The method of using the metalworking fluid includes shaping the metal by contacting the metal surface with a tool while cooling and lubricating at least one of the metal surface or the tool with the metalworking fluid. |