| abstract |
PD-I antagonists are disclosed that can be used to reduce the expression or activity of PD-I in a subject. An immune response specific to an infectious agent or to tumor cells can be enhanced using these PD-I antagonists in conjunction with an antigen from the infectious agent or tumor. Thus, subjects with infections, such as persistent infections can be treated using PD-I antagonists. In addition, subjects with tumors can be treated using the PD-I antagonists. In several examples, subjects can be treated by transplanting a therapeutically effective amount of activated T cells that recognize an antigen of interest and by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-I antagonist. Methods are also disclosed for determining the efficacy of a PD-I antagonist in a subject administered the PD-I antagonist. In some embodiments, these methods include measuring proliferation of memory B cells in a sample from a subject administered the PD-I antagonist. |